Cilt 10 Sayı 75 (2022)

Araştırma Makalesi

Ergenlerin Genç Yetişkinlerin ve Orta Yetişkinlerin Kardeş İlişkilerinin İncelenmesi

Yayımlandı 31.08.2022

Cilt 10 Sayı 75 kapak

Abstract

The Analysis of Sibling Relations of Adolescents, Young Adults and Adults

The aim of this study is to examine the sibling relationships of individuals in adolescence, young adulthood and mid adulthood in terms of various variables and to conduct an in-depth research on sibling relationships. For this reason, both qualitative and quantitative models were used and mixed method was used in the research. The pattern of the research is Asynchronous Mixed Model. The sample of the study is for students attending secondary school and high school between the ages of 12-18 for adolescence; university students aged 19-35 and parents of high school and secondary school students for young adulthood; For middle adulthood, it consists of volunteers who attend high school, middle school and university, among the 36-60 year old parents. In conclusion, although participant descriptions about sibling relations varied based on the age group, the existence and significance of sibling relations remained meaningful. In later studies, it can be studied with different age groups in addition to adolescence, young and middle adulthood. This is a cross-sectional study, with a longitudinal and more comprehensive study, and sibling relationships can be addressed.

Keywords Sibling relationships, attachment, well-being, loneliness

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, ergenlik, genç yetişkinlik ve orta yetişkinlik dönemindeki bireylerin kardeş ilişkilerini çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelemek ve kardeş ilişkileri üzerine derinlemesine bir araştırma yapmaktır. Bu nedenle araştırmada hem nitel hem de nicel modeller kullanılmış ve karma yöntem kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın deseni Asenkron Karma Modeldir. Araştırmanın örneklemi ortaokul ve liseye devam eden 12-18 yaş arası ergenlik çağındaki öğrenciler; 19-35 yaş arası üniversite öğrencileri ve genç yetişkinlik için lise ve ortaokul öğrencilerinin velileri; Orta yetişkinlik için 36-60 yaş arası ebeveynler arasından lise, ortaokul ve üniversiteye devam eden gönüllülerden oluşmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, katılımcıların kardeş ilişkilerine ilişkin açıklamaları yaş grubuna göre değişmekle birlikte kardeş ilişkilerinin varlığı ve önemi anlamlı kalmıştır. Daha sonraki çalışmalarda ergenlik, genç ve orta yetişkinlik dönemlerinin yanı sıra farklı yaş grupları ile de çalışılabilir. Bu, boylamsal ve daha kapsamlı bir çalışma olan kesitsel bir çalışmadır ve kardeş ilişkileri ele alınabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler Kardeş ilişkileri, bağlanma, iyi oluş, yalnızlık

PDF

Kaynakça

  1. Abramowitch, R., Corter, C., & Pepler, D. J. (1980). Observations of mixed-sex sibling dyads. Child Development, 51, 1268-1271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1129570
  2. Ainsworth, M. D. S. & Bell, S. M. (1969). Attachment, exploration, and separation: illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1127388
  3. Ainsworth, M. D S. (1974). The Development of Infant-Mother Attachment. A Final Report of the Office of Child Development.
  4. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Object relations, dependency, and attachment: A theoretical review of the infant-mother relationship. Child development, 969-1025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1127008
  5. Anderson, T. B. (1984). Widowhood as a life transition: Its impact on kinship ties. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 105-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/351869
  6. Angın, E. (2015). Otizm ve özgül öğrenme güçlüğü tanısı almış çocukların sağlıklı kardeşlerinin psikolojik uyumu, kardeş ilişkileri ve algıladıkları anne kabul-reddi [Psychological adjustment, sibling relationships and perceived maternal acceptionrejection of siblings of children with autism and specific learning disability], (unpublished master thesis), Ankara University,
  7. Antonucci, T. (1994). A life-span view of women's social relations. In B. F. Turner ve L. E. Troll (Eds.), Women growing older: Psychological perspectives (pp. 239-265).
  8. Arnett, JJ., (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, ss.469-480. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
  9. Avioli, F. S. (1989). The social support functions of siblings in later life: A theoretical model. American Behavioral Scientist, 33 ( l), 45-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764289033001005
  10. Bandura, A. (1978). Social learning theory of aggression. Journal of communication, 28(3), 12-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01621.x
  11. Bank, L., Burraston, B. ve Snyder, J. (2004). Sibling conflict and ineffective parenting as predictors of adolescent boys' antisocial behavior and peer difficulties: Additive and interactional effects. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14(1), 99-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.01401005.x
  12. Bedford, V. H. (1989). Ambivalence in adult sibling relationships. Journal of Family Issues, 10(2), 211-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019251389010002004
  13. Bee, H. L. & Boyd, D. R. (2009). Çocuk gelişim psikolojisi.
  14. Bonnain, R. (2005). Household mind and the ecology of the central Pyrenees in the 19th century: Fathers, sons, and collective landed property. The History of the Family, 10(3), 249-270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hisfam.2005.03.006
  15. Bradburn, N. N. (1963). N achievement and father dominance in Turkey. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(5), 464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043472
  16. Bras, H., & Van Tilburg, T. (2007). Kinship and social networks: A regional analysis of sibling relations in twentieth-century Netherlands. Journal of Family History, 32(3), 296-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363199007300244
  17. Brody, G. H. (1998). Sibling relationship quality: Its causes and consequences. Annual review of psychology, 49(1), 1-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.1
  18. Brody, G. H., Stoneman, Z., ve Burke, M. (1987). Child temperaments, maternal differential behavior, and sibling relationships. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.3.354
  19. Developmental Psychology, 23(3), 354.
  20. Brody, G. H., Stoneman, Z., ve McCoy, J. K. (1992). Associations of maternal and paternal direct and differential behavior with sibling relationships: Contemporaneous and longitudinal analyses. Child Development, 63(1), 82-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1130903
  21. Buhrmester, D., & Furman, W. (1990). Perceptions of sibling relationships during middle childhood and adolescence. Child development, 61(5), 1387-1398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1130750
  22. Campione‐Barr, N., Greer, K. B., & Kruse, A. (2013). Differential associations between domains of sibling conflict and adolescent emotional adjustment. Child Development, 84(3), 938-954. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12022
  23. Cassidy, J., & Berlin, L. J. (1999). 3 Understanding the Origins of Childhood. Loneliness in childhood and adolescence, 34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551888.003
  24. Chapman, E., & Smith, J. A. (2002). Interpretative phenomenological analysis and the new genetics. Journal of health psychology, 7(2), 125-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105302007002397
  25. Cicirelli, V. G. (1980). A comparison of college women's feelings toward their siblings and parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/351939
  26. Cicirelli, V. G. (1985). Sibling relationships throughout the life cycle. The handbook of family psychology and therapy, 1, 177-214.
  27. Cicirelli, V. G. (1992). Family caregiving: Autonomous and paternalistic decision making.
  28. Cicirelli, V. G. (1994). Sibling relationships in cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 7-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/352697
  29. Cicirelli, V. (1995). Sibling relationships across the life span. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6509-0
  30. Cicirelli, V. G. (1996). Sibling relationships in middle and old age. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6509-0_8
  31. Creswell, J. W. (2015). 30 essential skills for the qualitative researcher.
  32. Creswell, J. W., Klassen, A. C., Plano Clark, V. L., & Smith, K. C. (2015). Best practices for mixed methods research in the health sciences. 2011. Bethesda National Institutes of Health, 1-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e566732013-001
  33. Cuskelly, M. (2016). Contributors to adult sibling relationships and intention to care of siblings of individuals with Down syndrome. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 121(3), 204-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-121.3.204
  34. Conger, K. J., Stocker, C., & McGuire, S. (2009). Sibling socialization: The effects of stressful life events and experiences. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2009(126), 45-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.256
  35. Cox, M. J., & Paley, B. (1997). Families as systems. Annual review of psychology, 48(1), 243-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.243
  36. Crowell, J. A., & Waters, E. (1994). Bowlby's theory grown up: The role of attachment in adult love relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5(1), 31-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0501_4
  37. Davies, B. (2002). The grief of siblings. In N. B. Webb (Ed.), Helping bereaved children: A handbook for practitioners (pp. 94– 127).
  38. Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
  39. Dolgin, G. K. (2014). Ergenlik psikolojisi gelişim, ilişkiler ve kültür.
  40. Dunn, J. (1995). İkinci çocuk. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1446750
  41. Dunn, J. (2002). Sibling relationships. Blackwell handbook of childhood social development, 223-237.
  42. Erginoğlu, E. S. Y., & Dinçer, Ç. T. D. (2015). Kardeş ilişkileri, anne-baba tutumları, davranış ve uyum problemlerinin bazı değişkenler açısından değerlendirilmesi (Doctoral dissertation, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü İlköğretim Anabilim Dalı (Okul Öncesi Eğitimi Programı)).
  43. Erikson, E. H. (2014). İnsanın 8 evresi.
  44. Eryılmaz, A., & Ercan, L. (2011). Öznel İyi Oluşun Cinsiyet, Yaş Grupları ve Kişilik Özellikleri Açısından İncelenmesi. Turkish Psychological Counseling & Guidance Journal, 4(36).
  45. Fischler, S., A. (1992). Mixed Methods. Nova Southeastern Universty, school of education, united states, http://www.fischlerschool.nova.edu/resources/uploads/app/35/files/arc_doc/mixed _methods.pdf
  46. Fraley, R. C., & Tancredy, C. M. (2012). Twin and sibling attachment in a nationally representative sample. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(3), 308-316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211432936
  47. Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children's perceptions of the qualities of sibling relationships. Child development, 448-461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1129733
  48. Goetting, A. (1986). The developmental tasks of siblingship over the life cycle. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 703-714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/352563
  49. Gold, D. T. (1987). Siblings in old age: Something special. Canadian Journal on Aging, 6(3), 199-215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980800008424
  50. Gold, D. T. (1989). Sibling relationships in old age: A typology. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 28(1), 37-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/VGYX-BRHN-J51V-0V39
  51. Gold, D. T. (1990). Late-life sibling relationships: Does race affect typological distribution. The Gerontologist, 30(6), 741-748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/30.6.741
  52. Hillekens, J., Buist, K. L., Horváth, L. O., Koper, N., Ólafsdóttir, J., Karkdijk, E., & Balázs, J. (2020). Parent‐early adolescent relationship quality and problem behavior in Hungary, the Netherlands, India, and Iceland. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61(6), 763-774. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12667
  53. Houser, J. (2015). Nursing research: reading, using, and creating evidence. (3rd ed.).
  54. Huerta, M. D. C., Adema, W., Baxter, J., Han, W. J., Lausten, M., Lee, R., & Waldfogel, J. (2013). Fathers' leave, fathers' involvement and child development: Are they related? Evidence from four OECD countries (No. 140).
  55. Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational researcher, 33(7), 14-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X033007014
  56. Kuş, E. (2003). Nicel-Nitel Araştırma Teknikleri: Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Teknikleri: Nicel mi; Nitel mi?
  57. Lee, T. R., Mancini, J. A., & Maxwell, J. W. (1990). Sibling relationships in adulthood: Contact patterns and motivations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 431-440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/353037
  58. Lu, P. C. (2007). Sibling relationships in adulthood and old age: A case study of Taiwan. Current Sociology, 55(4), 621-637. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392107077646
  59. Lussier, G., Deater-Deckard, K., Dunn, J., & Davies, L. (2002). Support across two generations: Children's closeness to grandparents following parental divorce and remarriage. Journal of family psychology, 16(3), 363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.16.3.363
  60. Lyubomirsky, S., & Della Porta, M. D. (2010). Boosting happiness, buttressing resilience. Handbook of adult resilience, 450-464.
  61. Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2016). Second language research: methodology and design.
  62. McGhee, J. L. (1985). The effects of siblings on the life satisfaction of the rural elderly. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 85-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/352071
  63. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (2016). Genişletilmiş bir kaynak kitap: nitel veri analizi.
  64. Milevsky, A. (2003). Sibling support in preadolescence and adolescence. In meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa, Fla. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e341402004-001
  65. Milevsky, A. (2004). Perceived parental marital satisfaction and divorce: Effects on sibling relations in emerging adults. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 41(1-2), 115-128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v41n01_07
  66. Milevsky, A. (2019). Parental Factors, Psychological Well-Being, and Sibling Dynamics: A Mediational Model in Emerging Adulthood. Marriage & Family Review, 55(5), 476-492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2018.1518822
  67. Milevsky, A., & Heerwagen, M. (2013). A phenomenological examination of sibling relationships in emerging adulthood. Marriage & Family Review, 49(3), 251-263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2012.762444
  68. Milevsky, A., Smoot, K., Leh, M., ve Ruppe, A. (2005). Familial and contextual variables and the nature of sibling relationships in emerging adulthood. Marriage & Family Review, 37(4), 123-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v37n04_07
  69. Moyer, M. S. (1992). Sibling relationships among older adults. Families and Aging, 52, 55-58.
  70. Noel, V. A., Francis, S. E., & Tilley, M. A. (2018). An adapted measure of sibling attachment: Factor structure and internal consistency of the Sibling Attachment Inventory in Youth. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 49(2), 217-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-017-0742-z
  71. Noller, P. (2005). Sibling relationships in adolescence: Learning and growing together. Personal relationships, 12(1), 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00099.x
  72. O'Bryant, S. L. (1988). Sibling support and older widows' well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 173-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/352437
  73. Onur, B. 2011. Gelişim psikolojisi: yetişkinlik - yaşlılık ve ölüm.
  74. Parke, R. D., & Buriel, R. (1998). Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional and personality development (Vol 3).
  75. Patton, M. Q. (2005). Qualitative research. Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013192.bsa514
  76. Peplau, L. A., ve Perlman, D. (1979, June). Blueprint for a social psychological theory of loneliness. In Love and attraction: An interpersonal conference (pp. 101-110). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-022234-9.50020-0
  77. Ponzetti, J. J., & James, C. M. (1997). Loneliness and sibling relationships. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12(1), 103-112.
  78. Pulakos, J. (1989). Young adult relationships: Siblings and friends. The journal of psychology, 123(3), 237-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1989.10542978
  79. Robertson, R., Shepherd, D., & Goedeke, S. (2014). Fighting like brother and sister: Sibling relationships and future adult romantic relationship quality. Australian Psychologist, 49(1), 37-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9544.2012.00084.x
  80. Sanders, R. (2004), Sibling Relationships: Theory and Issues for Practice , Palgrave-Macmillan, London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20306-8_8
  81. Sandler, I. N. (1980). Social support resources, stress, and maladjustment of poor children. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8(1), 41-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00892280
  82. Santrock, J. W. (2011). Yaşam boyu gelişim-gelişim psikolojisi.
  83. Seligman, M. E. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive Psychology: An Introduction (Vol. 55, No. 1, p. 5). American Psychological Association. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
  84. Seltzer, M. M. (1989). The threer’s of life cycle sibships. American Behavioral Scientist, 33(1), 107-1 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764289033001010
  85. Sencer, M., & Irmak, Y. (1989). Method in social sciences.
  86. Senguttuvan, U., Whiteman, S. D., & Jensen, A. C. (2014). Family relationships and adolescents' health attitudes and weight: the understudied role of sibling relationships. Family relations, 63(3), 384-396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12073
  87. Sherman, A. M., Lansford, J. E., & Volling, B. L. (2006). Sibling relationships and best friendships in young adulthood: Warmth, conflict, and well‐being. Personal Relationships, 13(2), 151-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00110.x
  88. Soysal, F. S. Ö. (2016). A study on sibling relationships, life satisfaction and loneliness level of adolescents. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(4), 58-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v4i4.1240
  89. Stauffacher, K., & DeHart, G. B. (2006). Crossing social contexts: Relational aggression between siblings and friends during early and middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(3), 228-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2006.02.004
  90. Stocker, C. M., Lanthier, R. P., & Furman, W. (1997). Sibling relationships in early adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 11(2), 210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0893-3200.11.2.210
  91. Stormshak, E. A., Bellanti, C. J., & Bierman, K. L. (1996). The quality of sibling relationships and the development of social competence and behavioral control in aggressive children. Developmental psychology, 32(1), 79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.1.79
  92. Steinberg, L. (2007). Ergenlik.
  93. Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry.
  94. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5).
  95. Trim, R. S., Leuthe, E., & Chassin, L. (2006). Sibling influence on alcohol use in a young adult, high-risk sample. Journal of studies on alcohol, 67(3), 391-398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.391
  96. Tucker, C. J., Barber, B. L., ve Eccles, J. S. (1997). Advice about life plans and personal problems in late adolescent sibling relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(1), 63-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024540228946
  97. TÜİK (2020). İstatistiklerle Aile.
  98. Türnüklü, A. (2000). Eğitimbilim araştırmalarında etkin olarak kullanılabilecek nitel biraraştırma tekniği: Görüşme. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 24(24), 543-559.
  99. Voorpostel, M., van der Lippe, T., & Flap, H. (2012). For better or worse: Negative life events and sibling relationships. International Sociology, 27(3), 330-348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580911423051
  100. Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation.
  101. Yeh, H. C., & Lempers, J. D. (2004). Perceived sibling relationships and adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(2), 133-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOYO.0000013425.86424.0f
  102. Yewchuk, C. R., & Schlosser, G. A. (1996). Childhood sibling relationships of eminent Canadian women. Roeper Review, 18(4), 287-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02783199609553763
  103. Yıldırım, G. (2005). Farklı engel grubundan çocukların kardeş ilişkileri ile kardeşlerini kabullenmeleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Doctoral dissertation) Gazi Üniversitesi.
  104. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (6. Baskı).