Cilt 10 Sayı 71 (2022)

Araştırma Makalesi

Küresel Isınmanın Gölgesinde Kuzey Kutbu’nda Enerji Havzaları Üzerinde Buzkıran Gemiler ile Jeopolitik Oyun

Yayımlandı 30.04.2022

Cilt 10 Sayı 71 kapak

Öz

Gelişen sanayileşmenin ve enerji tüketiminin neden olduğu çevre kirliliği, küresel ısınma ve dünya nüfusunun hızlı artışı tüm dünya ülkeleri için bir sorun oluşturmaktadır. Bu temel sorunlar ile karşı karşıya bulunan ülkelerin aynı zamanda en önemli kaygısı geleceğin enerji kaynaklarının ve alternatif çözümlerin ne olacağı etrafında yoğunlaşmaktadır. Arktik bölgesi bu çerçevede önem kazanan bir bölgedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı petrol ve doğal gaz gibi ek rezerv kaynaklarını içinde barındıran ve buzul erimeleri sonucu alternatif deniz rotasını bölge ve dünya ticaretine sunan Arktik bölgesinin jeopolitik önemini ortaya koymaktır. Bu kapsamda, literatür taraması yapılarak, Arktik bölgesi incelenmiş olup, bölge devletlerinin münhasır ekonomik alanları haritalar ile gösterilmiş, bölgeye ilişkin ısı değişkenliklerine ilişkin tablolar verilmiş, bölgedeki buzul erimelerine ilişkin mevcut ve senaryo haritaları ile buzul erimesinin üzerinde durulmuştur. Arktik bölgesindeki ısı anomalisi, enerji ve ekonomik rezervlerinin dışında, bölgedeki buzul incelmeleri ve erimesi sonucu meydana çıkacak reel durum ile bölgede faaliyet gösteren buzkıran gemilerin bölgedeki önemleri vurgulanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre, Arktik bölgesi buzul erimesinin mevcut koşullara göre ve küresel önlemlere rağmen durdurulamaz olduğu, XXII. yüzyıla doğru Arktik enerji rezervlerinin bölgede diplomatik temelde de olsa bir çatışma riskini içinde taşıdığı, buzul erimesinin deniz ulaşımında dünya ticareti için alternatif geçiş yolu olarak kullanılmasının artması, bölge dışı ülkeler arasında yer alan Çin’in bölgeye olan ilgisinin buzkıran gemilerine yaptığı yatırımlar ile somutlaştığı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Buna göre Türkiye’nin de Çin gibi bölgede rekabet amaçlı bayrak göstermesi için buzkıran gemi yapımına ve buzkıran gemi filolarını arttırmasına önem vermesi gerekmektedir. Türkiye’nin çıkarları açısından, stratejik olarak bölgenin jeo-ekonomik imkânlarının değerlendirilmesi ve gerekse dünya ticaretinde alternatif deniz ticaretinde kuzey, kuzey-doğu Rusya, kuzey-doğu Çin ve Japonya ticaretinde Arktik denizinin modern buzkıran gemiler ile aktif olarak kullanılmasının hedeflenmesi önem kazanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler Buzkıran gemiler, Arktik Okyanusu, buzul erimesi, deniz ticareti, enerji rezervleri

Abstract

Geopolitical Game With Icebreakers on Energy Basins in the Arctic in the Shadow of Global Warming

Environmental pollution (caused by developing industrialization and energy consumption), global warming, and rapid increase in the world population constitute problems for all countries. At the same time, the essential concern of the countries facing these fundamental problems turns around what the energy sources of the future and alternative solutions will be. The Arctic region is a region gaining importance in this context. This paper aims to reveal the geopolitical importance of the Arctic region, which contains additional reserve resources such as oil and natural gas and offers an alternative sea route to the region and world trade due to melting glaciers. In this context, this paper studies the Arctic region through a selective literature review. For more detail, maps show the exclusive economic areas of the countries in the region. The data tables related to the temperature variability of the region and current and scenario maps of glacial melting in the region help to understand the critical regional situation. In this study, apart from the heat anomaly and energy and economic reserves in the Arctic region, the current situation due to glacial thinning and melting in the region emphasizes the importance of the icebreaker ships operating in the region. According to the results obtained in the study's conclusion, the Arctic region's melting glacier is unstoppable under current conditions. Although global measures, the energy reserves of the Arctic carry the risk of conflict, even though it seems to be on a diplomatic basis, around the 22nd century, the use of alternative transit routes for the global shipping trade would have increased because of the melting ice. On the other hand, it turns out that China's interest in the region, which is among the foreign countries outside the Arctic region, is embodied by its investments in icebreaker ships. As a result, Türkiye, like China, should give importance to icebreaker shipbuilding and increase her icebreaker fleets to display a competitive flag in the region due to the region's geo-economic opportunities and to use an alternative maritime trade option. In terms of Türkiye's interests, it is strategically vital to evaluate the geo-economic possibilities of the region and to use the Arctic Sea actively with modern icebreaker ships for the alternative maritime trade destined to the north and north-east Russia, north-east China, and Japan.

Keywords Icebreakers, Arctic Ocean, glacier meltdown, maritime trade, energy reserves

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Kaynakça

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