Cilt 9 Sayı 59 (2021)

Derleme Makalesi

Bağımlılık Olgusu: Oyun Bağımlılığında Psikodinamik Bir Gözden Geçirme

Yayımlandı 30.04.2021

  • Gülhan Gökçe Ceran Yıldırım TC İstanbul Rumeli Üniversitesi image/svg+xml
Cilt 9 Sayı 59 kapak

Öz

Davranışsal bağımlılık kavramı, madde kullanım bağımlılığı dışında, bireyin dürtüsel biçimde tekrar ettiği eylemlerle tanımlanmaktadır ve psikoloji alanında nispeten yeni önem kazanan problemlerden biri haline gelmiştir. Kumar bağımlılığı ile benzer tanı ölçütlerine sahip olan oyun bağımlılığı, davranışsal bağımlılık alanlarından biridir ve bu alanın sebeplerinden biri olan erken dönem nesne ilişkileri ile ilgili çalışmalar oldukça kısıtlıdır. Gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte yaş grubu farketmeksizin bireyleri etkisi altına alan oyun bağımlılığı, erken dönem başarısız nesne ilişkileri ile açıklanmaktadır. Oyunun yetişkin yaşamındaki önemi söz konusu olduğunda, çalışmaya fantezi kavramı da dahil edilmiştir. Genel itibariyle bu çalışmada, bireylerin sanal dünyanın kontrol edilebilir derinlikli ve renkli yönlerine duydukları karşı konulamaz ihtiyaçları, bireylerin geçmiş yaşam örüntüleri, ego işlevleri, kendilik ve nesne tasarımları bağlamında açıklanmaya çalışılmış ve davranışsal bağımlılıkların klinik görünümleri ve bunlarla çalışırken kullanılan psikodinamik yaklaşımların önemi vurgulanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler Oyun bağımlılığı, davranışsal bağımlılık, bağımlılığın psikodinamik yönleri, fantezi

Abstract

The Addiction: A Psychodynamic Review of Game Addiction

The behavioral addiction, apart from substance use addiction, is defined by impulsive repetitive actions of the individual and has become one of the relatively new problems in the psychology community. Game addiction, which has similar diagnostic criteria with gambling addiction, is one of the areas of behavioral addiction, and studies on early object relationships, one of the reasons of this field, are very limited. Game addiction, which affects individuals regardless of age group with the developing technology, is explained by the early period unsuccessful object relations. When it comes to the importance of play in adult life, the concept of fantasy is also included in the work. In general, in this study, the irresistible needs of individuals for the controllable depth and colorful aspects of the virtual world were tried to be explained in the context of individuals' past life patterns, ego functions, self and object designs, and the clinical manifestations of behavioral addictions and also the importance of psychodynamic approaches when working with them were emphasized.

Keywords Game addiction, behavioral addiction, psychodynamic aspects of addiction, fantasy

PDF

Kaynakça

  1. Alvarez-Monjaras, M., Mayes, L. C., Potenza, M. N. ve Rutherford, H. J. (2019). A developmental model of addictions: integrating neurobiological and psychodynamic theories through the lens of attachment. Attachment & human development, 21(6), 616-637. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018.1498113
  2. Anderson, C. A. ve Harvey, R. J. (1988). Brief report: Discriminating between problems in living: An examination of measures of depression, loneliness, shyness, and social anxiety. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 6(3-4), 482-491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1988.6.3-4.482
  3. Aydın, B. (2012). Tıbbi sanat terapisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4(1), 69-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20120405
  4. Bazan, A. ve Detandt, S. (2013). On the physiology of jouissance: interpreting the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward functions from a psychoanalytic perspective. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 7, 709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00709
  5. Bessière, K., Seay, A. F. ve Kiesler, S. (2007). The ideal elf: Identity exploration in World of Warcraft. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 10(4), 530-535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9994
  6. Black DW, Belsare G, Schlosser S. Clinical features, psychiatric comorbidity, and health-related quality of life in persons reporting compulsive computer use behavior. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(12): 839-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v60n1206
  7. Essig, T. (2012). The addiction concept and technology: Diagnosis, metaphor, or something else? A psychodynamic point of view. Journal of clinical psychology, 68(11), 1175-1184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21917
  8. Erten, Y. (2010). Yanılsama ve din. Psikeart dergisi, 12, 48-55.
  9. Caplan, S. E. (2006). Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic Internet use. CyberPsychology & behavior, 10(2), 234-242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9963
  10. Carli, V., Durkee, T., Wasserman, D., Hadlaczky, G., Despalins, R., Kramarz, E., ... Kaess, M. (2013). The association between pathological internet use and comorbid psychopathology: a systematic review. Psychopathology, 46(1), 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000337971
  11. Cao, H., Sun, Y., Wan, Y., Hao, J. ve Tao, F. (2011). Problematic Internet use in Chinese adolescents and its relation to psychosomatic symptoms and life satisfaction. BMC public health, 11(1), 802. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-802
  12. Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in human behavior, 17(2), 187-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8
  13. Di Nicola, M., Tedeschi, D., Mazza, M., Martinotti, G., Harnic, D., Catalano, V., ... Janiri, L. (2010). Behavioural addictions in bipolar disorder patients: role of impulsivity and personality dimensions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125(1-3), 82-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.12.016
  14. Dodes, L. M. (2009). Addiction as a psychological symptom. Psychodynamic practice, 15(4), 381-393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14753630903230468
  15. Fonagy, P. ve Target, M. (2008). Attachment, trauma, and psychoanalysis: Where psychoanalysis meets neuroscience.
  16. Frankel, R. (2002). Fantasy and imagination in Winnicott's work. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 19(1), 3-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0118.2002.tb00058.x
  17. Freud, A. (2011). Ben ve Savunma Mekanizmaları (Y. Erim, Çev.) İstanbul: Metis.
  18. Grant, J. E., Brewer, J. A. ve Potenza, M. N. (2006). The neurobiology of substance and behavioral addictions. CNS spectrums, 11(12), 924-930. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S109285290001511X
  19. Irmak, A. Y. ve Erdoğan, S. (2015). Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 16(1), 10–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.170337
  20. Kernberg, O. F. (2012). Sınır durumlar ve patolojik narsisizm (M. Atakay, Çev.) İstanbul: Metis.
  21. Kernberg, O. F., Yeomans, F. E., Clarkin, J. F. ve Levy, K. N. (2008). Transference focused psychotherapy: Overview and update. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 89(3), 601-620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-8315.2008.00046.x
  22. Khantzian, E. J. (2003). The self-medication hypothesis revisited: The dually diagnosed patient. Primary Psychiatry, 10(9), 47-54.
  23. Klein, M. (1940). Mourning and its relation to manic-depressive states. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 21, 125-153.
  24. Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S. ve Chen, C. C. (2012). The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: a review of the literature. European Psychiatry, 27(1), 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.04.011
  25. Kohut, H. (2009). How does analysis cure?. University of Chicago Press.
  26. Krystal, H. (1978). Self representation and the capacity for self care. Annual of Psychoanalysis, 6, 209-246.
  27. Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D. ve Binder, J. F. (2013). Internet addiction in students: Prevalence and risk factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 959-966. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.024
  28. Lemenager, T., Dieter, J., Hill, H., Hoffmann, S., Reinhard, I., Beutel, M., ... Mann, K. (2016). Exploring the neural basis of avatar identification in pathological Internet gamers and of self-reflection in pathological social network users. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(3), 485-499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.048
  29. Leménager, T., Gwodz, A., Richter, A., Reinhard, I., Kämmerer, N., Sell, M. ve Mann, K. (2013). Self-concept deficits in massively multiplayer online role-playing games addiction. European Addiction Research, 19(5), 227-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000345458
  30. Loose, R. (2002). A Lacanian approach to clinical diagnosis and addiction. Lacan and Science, 263, 289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429476501-11
  31. Mehdizadeh, S. (2010). Self-presentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 13(4), 357-364 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0257
  32. Mencütekin, M. (2014). Lacan ve sinema sanatı. İstanbul: Arı Sanat Yayınevi.
  33. Mejias, U. A. Movable Distance: Technology, Nearness and Farness. Ulises A. Mejias.
  34. Nazlıgül, M. D., Baş, S., Akyüz, Z. ve Yorulmaz, O. (2018). Internet gaming disorder and treatment approaches: A systematic review. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 5, 13-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2018.5.1.0018
  35. Özer, D. (2011). Pediatriden psikanalize, insan doğasından psikanalitik keşiflere. Psikanaliz Yazıları, 23, 35-54.
  36. Paneka, E. T., Nardisa, Y. ve Konrath, S. (2013). Defining social networking sites and measuring their use: How narcissists differ in their use of Facebook and Twitter. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(5), 2004-2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.012
  37. Rosenberg, K. P. ve Laura Curtiss Feder, P. (Eds.). (2014). Behavioral addictions: Criteria, evidence, and treatment. Academic Press.
  38. Rubens, R. L. (1996). The unique origins of Fairbairn's Theories. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 6(3), 413-435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10481889609539128
  39. Tuncay, Z. Ö. (1992). Winnicott, kucaklama ve yorum. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 2(4), 475-507. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10481889209538947
  40. Van der Aa, N., Overbeek, G., Engels, R. C., Scholte, R. H., Meerkerk, G. J. ve Van den Eijnden, R. J. (2009). Daily and compulsive internet use and well-being in adolescence: a diathesis-stress model based on big five personality traits. Journal of youth and adolescence, 38(6), 765. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9298-3
  41. Verma, M. ve Vijayakrishnan, A. (2018). Psychoanalytic psychotherapy in addictive disorders. Indian journal of psychiatry, 60(Suppl 4), S485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_16_18
  42. Weinstein, A., Dorani, D., Elhadif, R., Bukovza, Y., Yarmulnik, A. ve Dannon, P. (2015). Internet addiction is associated with social anxiety in young adults. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 27(1), 4-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104012371502700102
  43. Winnicott, D. W. (2007). Oyun ve Gerçeklik. (T. Birkan ve S. M. Tura, Çev.) İstanbul: Metis.
  44. Yalisove, D. L. (1989). Psychoanalytic approaches to alcoholism and addiction: Treatment and research. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 3(3), 107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.3.3.107
  45. Yeşilyurt, F. (2014). Ergenlerin çevrim içi oyunlardaki deneyimleri ve oyuna ilişkin tutumlarının incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi., İstanbul Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  46. Yıldırım, Z. E. ve Sütcü, S. T. (2016). Madde ile ilişkili bozuklukların tedavisinde bilişsel davranışçı grup terapisi etkililiği: sistematik bir gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 8(Ek 1), 108-128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.32564
  47. Zadra, S., Bischof, G., Besser, B., Bischof, A., Meyer, C., John, U. ve Rumpf, H. J. (2016). The association between Internet addiction and personality disorders in a general population-based sample. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(4), 691-699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.086